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Hyper-threading
Hyper-threading
By LinuxHPC.org and Cluster Resources
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Hyper-threading, officially called Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT), is Intel's trademark for their implementation of the simultaneous multithreading technology on the Pentium 4 microarchitecture. It is basically a more advanced form of Super-threading that debuted on the Intel Xeon processors and was later added to Pentium 4 processors. The technology improves processor performance under certain workloads by providing useful work for execution units that would otherwise be idle, for example during a cache miss.
Performance
The advantages of Hyper-Threading are listed as: improved support for multi-threaded code, allowing multiple threads to run simultaneously, improved reaction and response time, and increased number of users a server can support.
According to Intel, the first implementation only used an additional 5% of the die area over the "normal" processor, yet yielded performance improvements of 15–30%.
Intel claims up to a 30% speed improvement compared against an otherwise identical, non-SMT Pentium 4. The performance improvement seen is very application-dependent, however, and some programs actually slow down slightly when Hyper Threading Technology is turned on. This is due to the replay system of the Pentium 4 tying up valuable execution resources, thereby starving the other thread. However, any performance degradation is unique to the Pentium 4 (due to various architectural nuances), and is not characteristic of simultaneous multithreading in general.
Details
Hyper-Threading works by duplicating certain sections of the processor—those that store the architectural state—but not duplicating the main execution resources. This allows a Hyper-Threading equipped processor to pretend to be two "logical" processors to the host operating system, allowing the operating system to schedule two threads or processes simultaneously. Where execution resources in a non-Hyper-Threading capable processor are not used by the current task, and especially when the processor is stalled, a Hyper-Threading equipped processor may use those execution resources to execute the other scheduled task. (The processor may stall due to a cache miss, branch misprediction, or data dependency.)
Except for its performance implications, this innovation is transparent to operating systems and programs. All that is required to take advantage of Hyper-Threading is symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support in the operating system, as the logical processors appear as standard separate processors.
However, it is possible to optimize operating system behaviour on Hyper-Threading capable systems, such as the Linux techniques discussed in Kernel Traffic. For example, consider an SMP system with two physical processors that are both Hyper-Threaded (for a total of four logical processors). If the operating system's process scheduler is unaware of Hyper-Threading, it would treat all four processors the same. As a result, if only two processes are eligible to run, it might choose to schedule those processes on the two logical processors that happen to belong to one of the physical processors. Thus, one CPU would be extremely busy while the other CPU would be completely idle, leading to poor overall performance. This problem can be avoided by improving the scheduler to treat logical processors differently from physical processors; in a sense, this is a limited form of the scheduler changes that are required for NUMA systems.
Security
In May 2005 Colin Percival presented a paper, Cache Missing for Fun and Profit (PDF file), demonstrating that a malicious thread operating with limited privileges permits monitoring of the execution of another thread, allowing for the possibility of theft of cryptographic keys.
The future of Hyper-Threading
Older Pentium 4 based MPUs use Hyper-Threading, but the current-generation cores, Merom, Conroe and Woodcrest, do not. Hyper-Threading is a specialized form of simultaneous multithreading, which has been said to be on Intel roadmaps for the generation after Merom/Conroe/Woodcrest.
While some have alleged that Hyper-Threading is somehow energy inefficient and claim this to be the reason Intel dropped it from their new cores, this is almost certainly not the case. A number of low-power chips do use multithreading, including the PPE from the Cell processor, the CPUs in the Playstation 3, Sun's Niagara and the MIPS 34K.
Related Concepts
All text used in this article is available under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Hyper-threading".